Disordered mosaic metasurfaces with scalable functional density

se limitations fundamentally constrain the number of realisable functions in a single metasurface device, posing a key barrier to realising advanced photonic capabilities such as size-scalable achromatic metalenses, and polarimetric imaging of complex vector fields, including optical skyrmions with nontrivial topological properties, both of which remain experimentally unrea- lised due to these constraints. Disorder is typically perceived as detrimental in photonics, as random variations in shape, size, position, or orientation tend to dis- rupt optical symmetries and degrade device performance. Yet, when judiciously engineered, disorder has been harnessed to unlock unconventional functionalities—including random lasers35, structural colour generation36,37 and broadband energy harvesting38. In the con- text of metasurfaces, engineered disorder28,39 has likewise been exploited to suppress multiplexing crosstalk in 3D holography40, enable vortex-18 and polarisation-multiplexing holography41, and facilitate the development of real-momentum-space topological states42 and reconstructive spectrometers43. Here, we demonstrate thatdisorder can be strategically harnessed to enhance the functional density of metasurfaces, addressing the longstanding challenge of efficient area utilisation. Inspired by dis- ordered mosaics in art, we introduce randomised distributions of functionally distinct unit cells, termed meta-pixels (Fig. 1a), which exhibit optically selective responses across multiple degrees of free- dom, implemented via either local- or nonlocal-type phase pixels. Embedded within the metasurface aperture, these meta-pixels are encoded with distinct phase wavefronts that can be selectively acces- sed via wavelength, polarisation, and orbital angular momentum (OAM). By leveraging spatial disorder, the area required to realise each distinct function can be largely reduced without compromising optical performance, laying the foundation for the seamless integration of multiple functionalities within a single metasurface aperture. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the integration of 11 spectrally distinct lens profiles unconstrained by aperture size, realised via nonlocal meta-pixels supporting quasi bound states in the con- tinuum (qBIC), all sharing identical focal lengths and collectively achieving achromatic light focusing (Fig. 1b). Beyond lensing, we incorporate three sets of polarisation-selective meta-pixels, each implementing distinct diffraction gratings for orthogonal polarisation bases. This enables previously unattainable single-shot, high-spatial- resolution polarimetric imaging of arbitrarily structured light fields, including radial and azimuthal vector beams and optical skyrmions (Fig. 1c). Overall, this disordered mosaic metasurface (DMM) platform facilitates the integration of diverse photonic functions within a single optical element, substantially expanding the design landscape f