Metasurface higher-order poincaré sphere polarization detection clock

Yang et al. Light: Science & Applications (2025) 14:63 www.nature.com/lsa https://doi.org/10.1038/s41377-024-01738-1 A R T I C L E O p e n A c c e s s Metasurface higher-order poincaré sphere polarization detection clock Hui Yang1,2, Kai Ou3, Qiang Liu1, Meiyu Peng 2, Zhenwei Xie 4, Yuting Jiang1, Honghui Jia1,5, Xinbin Cheng 3, Hui Jing2, Yueqiang Hu 1,5✉and Huigao Duan 1,5✉ Abstract Accurately and swiftly characterizing the state of polarization (SoP) of complex structured light is crucial in the realms of classical and quantum optics. Conventional strategies for detecting SoP, which typically involves a sequence of cascaded optical elements, are bulky, complex, and run counter to miniaturization and integration. While metasurface- enabled polarimetry has emerged to overcome these limitations, its functionality predominantly remains confined to identifying SoP within the standard Poincaré sphere framework. The comprehensive detection of SoP on the higher- order Poincaré sphere (HOPS), however, continues to be a huge challenge. Here, we propose a general polarization metrology method capable of fully detecting SoP on any HOPS through a single measurement. The underlying mechanism relies on transforming the optical singularities and Stokes parameters into visualized intensity patterns, facilitating the extraction of all parameters that fully determine a SoP. We actualize this concept through a novel meta- device known as the metasurface photonics polarization clock, which offers an intuitive display of SoP using four distinct pointers. As a proof of concept, we theoretically and experimentally demonstrate fully resolving SoPs on the 0th, 1st, and 2nd HOPSs. Our implementation opens up a new pathway towards real-time polarimetry of arbitrary beams featuring miniaturized size, a simple detection process, and a direct readout mechanism, promising significant advancements in fields reliant on polarization. Introduction Polarization, which is one of the fundamental char- acteristics of electromagnetic wave, characterizes the vector nature of the oscillating electric field. In order to fully describe the state of polarization (SoP), a geometric representation called the standard Poincaré sphere (PS) is proposed in 18921. This representation maps all funda- mental SoPs—circular, linear, and elliptical—onto the PS surface using Stokes parameters. Nevertheless, the stan- dard PS only applies to homogeneous plane wave solu- tions derived from Maxwell’s vector wave equation that possess homogeneous polarization distribution. For higher-order solutions involving electromagnetic